ABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to determine the amounts of radionuclides' activity present in samples of feed for young and adult chicken and feed for dairy and beef cattle, as well as in dicalcium phosphate (DCP) (CaHPO4), used as a nutritional supplement for animal feed. Radioactivity in these samples is due to the presence of the 238U and 232Th radioactive series, as well as their daughter. In addition, as it is for environmental samples, the activity of 40K should be an important source of radioactivity in all analyzed samples. Gamma rays were measured using a standard spectroscopy system, with a high-resolution HPGe detector. Measured activities in feed samples ranged from 0.23 to 1.51 Bq.kg-1, 0.67 to 4.21 Bq.kg-1, 0.29 to 1.63 Bq.kg-1 and 236 to 402 Bq.kg-1 for 226Ra, 228 Ra, 228 Th and 40K, respectively. Measured activities in DCP samples were 46.6 Bq.kg-1, 83 Bq.kg-1, 4.20 Bq.kg-1 and 16.61 Bq.kg-1 for 40 K, 226 Ra, 228 Ra and 228 Th, respectively. Although 40K activity has reached hundreds of Becquerel in feed samples, it should not represent a risk to human health, not even to animals, since potassium is an essential mineral to living organisms.
ABSTRACT
Mineral phosphate solubilization activities by Allochromatium sp. GSKRLMBKU-01 on dicalcium and tricalcium phosphate was investigated. The biomass, di- and tricalcium phosphate solubilization increased with the progress of incubation period upto 8th day and decreased with further incremental incubation period. The highest solubility of dicalcium phosphate (558.0 ± 9.2 μg P/ml) and tricalcium phosphate (568.0 ± 8.0 μg P/ml) was recorded on 8th day of incubation period. The maximum optical density of biomass of the bacterium on dicalcium and tricalcium phosphate was 1.389 ± 0.110 and 1.206 ± 0.108 respectively on 8th day of incubation period. A positive correlation coefficient (r) was recorded between growth, dicalcium phosphate(r=0.965) and tricalcium phosphate (r=0.786) solubilization.
ABSTRACT
O desempenho produtivo e a possível interferência do flúor sobre a saúde dos animais foram investigados em bovinos Nelore suplementados, por 866 dias, com distintas fontes alternativas de fósforo com diferentes relações fósforo:fluor (P:F). Os tratamentos experimentais foram: Controle negativo (CONTNEG, sem qualquer suplementação com P), fosfato bicálcico (FB 120:1, FB 30:1 e FB 10:1), fosfato monobicálcico (FMBC 60:1), superfosfato triplo (SFT 30:1) e fosfato de rocha de Cajati (FR 10:1). Foram utilizados 49 novilhos, desmamados aos oito meses de idade, castrados e com 230 kg de peso médio, distribuídos em sete piquetes com água e mistura mineral formulada sem P. A dieta padrão foi feita com bagaço de cana (0,03% de P) como volumoso e um concentrado contendo 0,239 % de P oferecido na base de 1% do peso dos animais para permitir um ganho de peso aproximado de 0,50 kg/dia. Até o dia 134, não houve diferença estatística entre os diversos lotes, inclusive para o tratamento CONTNEG, que não recebeu fósforo suplementar na dieta e ganhou 71,6 kg de peso ou 0,633 kg/dia. Após 866 dias de confinamento (2,37 anos), os animais suplementados com o fosfato bicálcico padrão (120:1) ganharam menos peso que os suplementados com as fontes FMCB 60:1, FB 30:1 e SFT 30:1. Até um ano de suplementação fosfórica com fosfato bicálcico padrão (120:1) artificialmente fluoretado com NaF ou com o fosfato de rocha não se detectou danos à saúde ou ao ganho de peso dos animais. As análises de fósforo nos ossos mostraram diferença estatística apenas entre o tratamento CONTNEG e os que tinham fosfato bicálcico. As concentrações de flúor nos ossos se mostraram intimamente associadas à quantidade de flúor disponível nas fontes utilizadas. Conforme a proporção P:F na dieta foi diminuindo, características relacionadas à fluorose dentária ficaram mais evidentes, sendo que os animais que receberam fontes com relação 10:1, apresentaram, ao final do experimento, dentes incisivos permanentes mal formados, quebradiços e com manchas esbranquiçadas.
Weight gain and possible interference of fluoride on animal health was investigated in Nellore cattle supplemented during 866 days with alternative sources of phosphorus with different phosphorus:fluor (P:F) ratios. The five treatments were: (1) Negative control (NC, without any supplemental P), (2) dicalcium phosphate (DCP 120:1, DCP 30:1 and DCP 10:1), (3) monodicalcium phosphate (MDCP 60:1), (4) triple superphosphate (TSF 30:1), and (5) cajati rock phosphate (RP 10:1). We used 49 oxen weaned with 8 months of age and an average weight of 230 kg, distributed into seven paddocks with water and mineral mixture formulated without P. A standard diet consisting of sugar cane bagasse (0.03% P) as roughage and a concentrate containing 0.239% P was provided on 1% of live weight to allow a weight gain of about 0.50 kg/day. Until day 134, there was no statistical difference between the various groups, including the treatment NC which received no supplemental phosphorus in the diet and gained weight of 71.6 kg or 0.633 kg/day. After 866 days of confinement (2.37 years), the oxen supplemented with dicalcium phosphate standard (120:1) gained less weight than those supplemented with sources MDCP 60:1, DCP 30:1 and TSF 30:1. Up to one year of supplementation with dicalcium phosphate artificially fluoridated with NaF or with rock phosphate did not result in damage to health or in weight gain of the animals. Analyses of phosphorus in bones showed statistical difference between treatments, and group NC that did not receive any supplemental P showed the lowest values. The concentration of fluoride in bones proved to be closely related to the amount of fluoride available in the sources used. As the ratio P:F in the diet decreased, characteristic signs related to dental fluorosis became more evident, and the animals that received P supplies with 10:1 ratio showed at the end of the experiment permanent malformed incisor teeth, brittle and whitish stained.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Cattle/growth & development , Calcarea Phosphorica/administration & dosage , Fluorosis, Dental/veterinary , Dietary Supplements/adverse effects , Bone and Bones/chemistry , Body WeightABSTRACT
A study was conducted on the packing and cohesive properties of chloroquine phosphate in binary mixtures with lactose and dicalcium phosphate powders. The maximum volume reduction due to packing as expressed by the Kawakita constant, a, and the angle of internal flow, θ, were the assessment parameters. The individual powders were characterized for their particle size and shape using an optical microscope. Binary mixtures of various proportions of chloroquine phosphate with lactose and dicalcium phosphate powders were prepared. The bulk and tapped densities, angles of repose and internal flow, as well as compressibility index of the materials were determined using appropriate parameters. The calculated and determined values of maximum volume reduction for the binary mixtures were found to differ significantly (P< 0.05), with the Kawakita plot being more reliable in determining the packing properties. Diluent type was found to influence the flow properties of the mixtures, with dicalcium phosphate giving predictable results while mixtures containing lactose were anomalous with respect to flow. The characterization of the packing and cohesive properties of the binary mixtures of chloroquine with lactose and dicalcium phosphate would be useful in the production of powders, tablets, capsules and other drug delivery systems containing these powders with desirable and predictable flow properties.
Realizou-se estudo das propriedades de empacotamento e de coesão do fosfato de cloroquina em misturas binárias com lactose e fosfato dicálcico em pó. O volume máximo de redução devido ao empacotamento, segundo expresso pela constante de Kawakita, a, e o ângulo de fluxo interno, θ, foram os parâmetros de avaliação. Os pós individuais foram caracterizados por seu tamanho e forma de partículas, utilizando microscópio óptico. Prepararam-se misturas binárias de várias proporções de fosfato de cloroquine e lactose e fosfato dicálcico em pó. As densidades de bulk and tapped, os ângulos de repouso e de fluxo interno e o índice de compressibilidade dos materiais foram determinados utilizando-se parâmetros apropriados. Os valores calculados e determinados do volume máximo de redução para as misturas binárias mostraram-se significativamente diferentes (P< 0,05), sendo o traçado de Kawakita mais confiável na determinação das propriedades de empacotamento. O tipo de diluente influenciou as propriedades de fluxo das misturas com fosfato dicálcico, dando resultados previsíveis, enquanto as misturas contendo lactose mostraram-se anômalas com relação ao fluxo. A caracterização das propriedades de empacotamento e de coesão das misturas binárias de cloroquina com lactose e fosfato dicálcico seria útil na produção de pós, comprimidos, cápsulas e outros sistemas de liberação de fármacos contendo esses pós com propriedade de fluxo desejada e previsível.